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American Women: Resources from the Prints & Photographs Collections

Picture Processes: A Chronology

Understanding the technology used to produce pictures can be important in interpreting their content. Pictures by and about American women in Prints & Photographs Division collections take the form of prints, photographs and drawings.

Drawings

Drawings (generally, images made with a pen, pencil, or crayon on a surface) and paintings express the vision of the artist in an image that exists, at least until reproduced by other means, in a single, unique copy.

Walter Shirlaw, artist. Study drawing for mural of woman reading. Drawing : graphite, ink, and watercolor, ca. 1898. LIbrary of Congress Prints & Photographs Division.
Alfred R. Waud, artist. Two women trimming a man's hair. Drawing on cream paper: pencil, between 1860 and 1865. Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division.

Printmaking: Multiple Images from One Design

As early as A.D. 55, the Chinese experimented with technologies that expanded the communication potential of pictures by applying ink to seals and then replicating the designs on such surfaces as fabric, wood, and eventually paper. Printmaking offered the potential to convey an artist's conception of a subject to many people at once.

By the turn of the fifteenth century, technologies appeared in Europe for relief printing from wood, which made it possible to reproduce multiple copies of a picture from a single matrix—a woodblock. As the century progressed, further innovation resulted in the development of intaglio printing processes, such as engraving and etching, where the lines in the print are produced by ink transferred from below the printing surface, rather than from what is left in relief on the surface.

The commercial potential of image-printing accelerated with the invention in 1798 of still another printing process, lithography, which offered a quick and inexpensive crayon-on-stone method of making multiple copies of an image for direct consumption by the public and for use in advertising and in illustrating publications.

William Sartain, artist. The speaking likeness. Philadelphia: Engraved and published by W. Sartain, copyrighted 1892. Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division.
Largest shoe dealers in the world, compliments of Hamilton Brown Shoe Co., St. Louis. Chromolithograph, 1896. Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division

Photography

The development of photography in 1839 offered a seeming departure in image-making. The camera operator still had an influence on the resulting picture, but the mechanical process of recording the scene before a camera lens, through the use of light and chemicals, seemed to promise new heights of verisimilitude.

Francis Grice, photographer. Unidentified woman and girl. Daguerreotype. ca. 1855. Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division
Frances Benjamin Johnston adjusting lens of large tripod camera. Gelatin silver photographic print, ca. 1936. Frances Benjamin Johnston Collection. Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division.

Merging Photography and Printmaking

By the late nineteenth century, image producers began to merge the two technologies for making multiple copies of images—printing and photography—to speed reproduction and to offer new pictorial effects in the form of, for instance, photolithography (patented in 1858) and halftone photography (first used commercially in magazine illustration in the 1880s).

Terminology Used in this Guide

In this guide, the term prints refers to images produced primarily with non-photographic processes, and photographs refers to those using primarily photographic technology.

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