Research Using Keywords

The keyword you select for your search should describe important aspects of your investigation, therefore, selecting the appropriate keyword(s) for your search is the foundation for your research. Despite their various algorithms and filters, databases, search engines, indexes, and even catalogs work by matching your keywords to their records, this is how you get search results. The more keywords these search tools can find, the more relevant the results will be for your search. The search will only give you back what you tell it you are looking for, so selecting those keywords and related or synonymous terms, is important. For example, if you are researching teenagers and their reading habits, you want to make sure your keywords include — teen, teens, teenager, youth, young adults, and depending on the page you want to target, even — child, children, kids, etc.

Use Keywords to Develop Your Topic

Deciding on a topic you'd like to write about and defining the parameters of your research is one of the most challenging and important aspects of the research process.

When deciding upon a topic, remember these three rules:

1. Decide the area you are interested in writing about (ex: global warming)
2. Define the topic you wish to research (ex: effects of global warming on children)
3. Refine the topic area so that the topic is manageable - neither too large nor too small (ex: effects of global warming on children in New Zealand where the ozone is the weakest)

Need help choosing a topic?

Try browsing through these resources to help you develop some ideas:

Searching the Library of Congress Website (LOC.gov)

Use the Search Box on LOC.gov

You can search by typing a keyword into the search box, and you can also search for a specific type of item—e.g., map, audio recording, or manuscript (handwritten document)

• Tip: If you’re searching on a specific topic (for example, the American Revolution), it may be helpful to come up with a list of related terms (e.g., Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, King George III, Yorktown, Bunker Hill), and try searching with those, too.
• Tip: As you brainstorm search terms, consider how terminology may have changed over time. Words that are used today may not have been used historically, and vice versa.

View, Sort or Filter Results

There are a number of ways to view your search results (e.g., list view, gallery view, grid view etc.). It is also possible to sort, or re-sort, your search results by date or title. You can also narrow your search results using filters for year, subject, language, and more.

Explore "About this Item" for Digitized Primary Sources

On LOC.gov, each item generally has a record that includes details like title, date created, creator, and more. There are also clickable details that link to similar items and related materials that can help expand your research. On this page, you can also learn about copyright restrictions related to the item. If you have questions about copyright, check out the section in this guide on “Citations and Formatting.”

Search the Library of Congress Online Catalog

The Library of Congress Online Catalog is available at https://catalog.loc.gov/. It is the primary search tool for discovering all types of materials in the Library's print and online collections. Search results will provide full bibliographic information for each collection item along with the location and call number needed to request and use that item at the Library. If the material is digitized, there will be a link to the primary source online.

There are several ways to search the online catalog. The instructions below focus on the Advanced Search option.

1. Select Advanced Search from the "Search Options" drop-down menu
2. Enter your search term(s) in the "Search" box(es). Please note:
   • Capitalization does not matter.
   • Use a percent sign ( % ) as a single-character wildcard, either inside or at the end of a search word: wom%n
     Note: If your search term contains a percent sign, remove the %. Enter 5% Nation as 5 Nation
   • Use a question mark ( ? ) for truncation (different forms of a root word) and as a multiple-character wildcard, either inside or at the end of a search word: strong>entrepr? or col?r
   • Most punctuation marks (hyphens, slashes, periods, etc.) are replaced by spaces. Because spaces are used to divide words, remove hyphens from ISBN but not ISSN number searches. Enter 0394487249 for ISBN 0-394-48724-9, but enter 0028-7806 for ISSN 0028-7806
3. Select all of these, ;any of these, or as a phrase from the drop-down list to specify how you want multiple words to be combined.
4. Narrow the scope of your search by changing Keyword Anywhere (GKEY) to the index of your choice in the next drop-down list (after within).
5. Add to your search by selecting a Boolean operator (AND, OR, NOT) and entering more search terms.
6. Refine your search by adding limits.

Search Strategies for E-Resources

Developing a search strategy can help to narrow down your results lists and replicate a consistent search across multiple e-resources/databases.

• Break your research topic into keywords.
  • Look for the independent concepts that might make up your research topic
  • Try the thesaurus or subject headings to help you look for discipline-specific terms/controlled vocabulary
• Combine your keywords/search terms with Boolean operators
  • OR (synonyms: any of these words, good for related terms/concepts)
  • AND (restrict: all these words)
  • NOT (eliminate these words completely, the most restrictive search technique)
• Use parentheses with your terms and Boolean operators to create your search phrase
  • i.e., (cat OR kitten) AND (wild OR feral OR homeless)
• Determine your conditions and apply them to your search as limits or filters
  • i.e., publication year, document type, or Peer Reviewed
• Place quotation marks (“ ”) around phrases to keep words together.
  • Use this for an exact quote, phrase or order of the search term.
    • i.e., "latin america"
• Add asterisks (*) to “fill-in-the-blank” at the end of a word - it acts as a "wild card"; The asterisk will be replaced by any applicable letters
  • This is called truncation
  • You can use asterisks as a shortcut for OR-ing words that have identical roots
  • i.e., paint* will search for paint, painting, painters, painterly, etc.

How to Evaluate Your Research Results

Throughout the process of conducting your research, you will find yourself pausing to reflect, evaluate, and refine your results and research.

You may need to repeat this process across a number of collections, subject areas, catalogs, and/or databases in order to get the exact type of results you are looking for.

Remember, when using the Internet for research, it's important to evaluate the accuracy and authority of the information you find on websites. Search engines, like Google, find sites and pages of all levels of quality. Try to keep these things in mind when deciding if a web page is reliable and appropriate for your research:

• authority/credibility: Is the author listed? If so, can you determine the author's credentials and expertise?
• accuracy/verifiability: Has the author cited their sources and provided ways to verify data points or claims?
• bias/objectivity: Does the author or website consider counterarguments?
• currency/timeliness: How recent is the publication? Does it draw on other recent writings and scholarship?
• scope/depth: Does the publication show depth of research, information, or perspective?
• intended audience/purpose: What is the purpose of the website or publication? To inform, persuade, or other? Who is this source for?